如何区分文献引用还是抄袭原文科研必读

点击上面蓝字↑↑↑ 　　学术著作中不注明信息来源的行为叫做抄袭，这是一种学术不端行为，应努力避免。互联网上的信息也必须注明来源。很多情况下，较好的做法是在使用某个图表或某段文字之前获得网站所有者的同意。

　　被公认为常识的事实不需注明出处，例如：AvastnumberofendemicspeciesexistsontheGalapagosIslands.　但是，不被周知的信息和用来解释事实的想法需要注明出处，如：Basedonarecentstudy,theblueiguanasoftheGrandCaymanIslandsareanendangeredspecies(9).（“blueiguanasoftheGrandCaymanIslandsareanendangeredspecies”这个发现不是一个事实而是一种解释。因此，需要注明出处。）试比较： 　　Becausenitrogen(N)isanessential 　　Historicaleruptionsarealmostalwaysprecededandac 　　学术引用中的改写可能是写作中吸收他人研究成果时用得最多的技能。改写是自己的语言表达出他人的思想，只替换原文的一两个词或只改变原句的结构不是改写而是抄袭。在科技写作中，避免抄袭的最好方法是在收集和使用信息时做到几下几点：（1）记录下每一条有可能需要引用的内容，并详细记录文献来源（可借助Endnote或ReferenceManager）。（2）记笔记的时候把书合上，用自己的语言描述书中的思想。（3）如果摘抄原文，需使用引号（直接引用在科技写作中并不多见）。（4）引用时必须用自己的语言表述原文中的某些细节，并核对文献以确保和引用的表述正确无误。比较以下各段（例1）： 　　原文：Healthyolderadultsoftenexperiencemilddeclineinsomeareasofcognition.Themostprominentcognitivedeficitsofnormalagingincludeforgetfulness,vulnerabilitytodistractionandothertypesofinterference,aswellasimpairmentsinmulti-taskingandmentalflexibility.Thesecognitivefunctionsarethedomainoftheprefrontalcortex,themosthighlyevolvedpartofthehumanbrain.Prefrontalcorticalcognitiveabilitiesbegintoweakeneveninmiddleage,andareespeciallyimpairedwhenwearestressed.Understandinghowtheprefrontalcortexchangeswithageisatoppriorityforrescuingthememoryandattentionfunctionsweneedtosurviveinourfast-paced, 　　构成抄袭的段落:Inhealthyolderadultsoftensomeareas’ofcognitiondecline.Themostnoticeablecognitivedeclinesofnormalagingincludeforgetfulness,vulnerabilitytodistraction,andproblemsinmulti-tasking.Thesecognitivetasksarelocalizedintheprefrontalcortex,whichisthemosthighlyevolvedportionofthebrain.Alreadyinmiddleageprefrontalcorticalcognitivefunctionsstarttodecrease.Suchfunctionsarealsoparticularlyaffectedduringanytypeofstress.Studyingmemoryandattentionisimportanttounderstandhowtheprefrontalcortexchangeswithage.Itisparticularlyimportanttounderstandthesechangesinourcurrentfast-pacedlifestyle.（作者只改动了原文的几个词和短语，或改变了原句的顺序；并且未注明任何思想或事实的出处。） 　　改写后的段落:Arecentstudyshowsthattheprocessofagingisac 　　原文:Ithascurrentlybeenrecognizedthatboththetypeandcharacteristicsoftherustlayersformedonthesteelsurfacesareveryimportantbecausetheycandeterminetheirprotectiveproperties.AccordingtoarecenttheoreticalmodeldevelopedbyHoerléetal.(2),thelong-termcorrosionbehaviorofironexposedtowet-drycyclesislargelycontrolledbythecharacteristicsoftherustlayers.Additionally,thedifferencesbetweenthecorrosionbehaviorobservedfordifferenttypesofsteelshavebeenrelatedtotherustlayercharacteristics.Okadaetal.(8)havecarefullyinvestigated,byusingdetailedvariabletemperatureM?ssbauerspectrometry,theprotectiverustformedonbothweatheringandmildsteelsafter35yearsofexposuretoaJapanesesemiruraltypeatmosphere.Theyreportedthattherustonbothsteelsit 　　构成抄袭的段落:Boththetypeandcharacteristicsofthelayersformedonthesteelsurfacesareveryimportantbecausetheydeterminetheirprotectiveproperties.Recently,Hoerléetal.developedatheoreticalmodel(2)thatthelong-termcorrosionbythecharacteristicsoftherustlayers.Thedifferencesbetweenthecorrosionbehaviorobservedfordifferenttypesofsteelshavealsobeenrelatedtotherustlayercharacteristics.UsingdetailedvariabletemperatureM?ssbauerspectrometry,theprotectiverustformedonbothweatheringandmildsteelsafter35yearsofexposuretoaJapanesesemiruraltypeatmospherehavebeendeterminedbyOkadaetal.(8)whoreportedthattherustonbothsteelsis（尽管作者注明了出处，但因其只改动了几个词和短语，仍然构成抄袭。） 　　改写后的段落:Rustconstituentscandeterminetheperformanceofsteelsandinfluencetheirlifeexpectancy.Thecharacteristicsoftherustlayerscontrolthelongtermcorrosionbehaviorofironexposedtowet-drycycles(2).Forexample,after35yearsofexposureinJapan,rustformedonsteelsundervariousconditionsis 　　与研究论文的其他部分不同，许多文章的材料与方法部分都极其相似，这主要是因为描述这些除了变量不同，技术和体系基本上相同的方法就只有那么几个。对于写作类似这样的材料与方法部分的段落，参考收集其他文章此部分的范例用语不失为一个好办法。但不宜大篇幅地摘抄，可适当借用单个的范例短语和表达方式。比较以下各段（例3）： 　　论文A的方法描述:Real-timefluorescencequantitativePRwasperformedinanAppliedBiosystemsPrisminstrumentinthereactionscontaininganAppliedBiosystemsSYBRgreenmastermixreagentandoligonucleotidepairstotheendogenouscontrolgene‘A’andcDNAof‘B’.Thereagentsweredenaturedof95°Cfor10min,followedby40cyclesof15sat95℃and60sat60°C.Theprimersequences(5’-3’)were‘A’reverse,5’-GACAC…. 　　论文B的方法描述:PCRamplificationof‘X’sequenceswasdoneusingtheGCRICHPCRSystem(Roche,Mannheim,Germany).Allnon-‘X’sequenceswereamplifiedusingTaqDNApolymerase(Promega,Madison,WI).Primersweredesignedusingpublishedsequencesfor‘X-I’(GenBank:Xxxxxx)and‘x-13’(GenBank:Xxxxxx)(Table1).PCRthermalcyclingconditionswere:2minat50°C,10minat95°C,followedby40cyclesof15sat95°Cand1minat60°C.PCRreactionswererunwithmolecularweightstandardson0.8%agarosegelscontainingethidiumbromideandvisualizedbyUVlight.Theprimersusedwere:5’-GGCTC…. 　　论文C的方法描述:Real-timePCRwereperformedusingtheTaKaRaSYBRPCRkitandABIPrismsequencedetectionsystemaccordingtothemanufacturer’sspecifications.Theprimersforamplificationwereabc…and5’-GACAC…anddef(5’-GCATC…and5’-GACT…).Totalreactionvolumewas50mlinincluding25mlSYBRpremixExTaqwithSYBRGreenI,nMforwardandreverseprimersand2mlcDNA.Thethermalcyclerprogramwas1cycleat95°Cfor10s,followedby40cyclesat95°Cfor5sand60°Cfor30s.ThePCRproductsweredetectedbyelectrophoresisthrougha2%agarosegelstainedwithethidiumbromide.

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